Teaching As A Profession Essay - 1153 Words

1. Teaching as a Profession 1.What is a profession? (text book Ch 1 2) 2.Are early childhood teachers perceived as being a professional? 3.Standards, ethics and behaviour of a professional. PROFESSION The sociological approach to professionalism is one that views a profession as an organized group which is constantly interacting with the society that forms its matrix, which performs its social functions through a netywork of formal and informal relationships and which creates its own subculture requiring adjustments to it as a prerequisite for career success. ATTRIBUTES OF A PROFESSION Professionals occupy a position of great importance. In this society which is characterized by minute division of labor based upon technical specialization, you will discover that many important features of social organization are dependent upon professional functions. Professional activity is defin itely coming to play a predominant role in the life patterns of increasing numbers of individuals of both sexes, occccupying much of their walking moments, providing life goals, determining behavior and sharpening personality. It is no wonder, therefore that the phenomenon of professionalism has become an object of observation by sociologists. The provision of quality early childhood education and care (ECEC) has remained firmly on government agendas in recent years. Public awareness of gaps in provision and of insufficient quality in services has moved the issue of child care and after-schoolShow MoreRelatedThe Teaching Profession1789 Words   |  8 PagesThe Teaching Profession Introduction: There is no doubt that the teaching profession is very important in molding the young minds to become the responsible citizens of the future. Many young people look forward to becoming successful teachers to educate the young generation. Pros of teaching: Teaching is a special calling. It is not a job well-suited to everyone. In fact, many new teachers leave within the first 3-5 years of teaching. However, there are many rewards that come with this oftenRead MoreIs Teaching a Profession?2328 Words   |  10 PagesAll professions have an identifiable knowledge base. Teaching has no such knowledge base, therefore, it is not a profession Discuss this statement. There are different characteristics of what a profession entails of. Some characteristics, such as full graduate training are based on the more known professional modes such as law, medicine and engineering. The majority of critics have agreed on the similar aspects of an occupational group acquiring: a knowledge base, expertise in their field, a senseRead MoreTeaching Profession1679 Words   |  7 Pagesto a dynamic teaching experience. âÅ"” 3. Have a vision of what you want and what the technology can achieve. âÅ"” 4. Can identify his/her goals and facilitate the learning. âÅ"” 5. Must continue to absorb experiences and knowledge. âÅ"” 6. Fluent in tools and technologies that enable communication and collaboration. âÅ"” 3. Use the questionnaire for you to determine the extent to which you possess the 21st century skills. I can use computer easily. I can adapt dynamic teaching experience andRead MoreThe Importance Of Teaching As A Profession895 Words   |  4 Pagespresentation Briefly, talk about the teaching as profession; comparing teaching with other professions †¢ Highlight the main points in this chapter. †¢ Go through each point as discussed in the summary. †¢ After the summary, go through the sex question and answer. †¢ Ending with the brief meaning of the key words of the chapter. Introduction Teaching is a process of giving away knowledge, skills, values, and habits to learners. In our everyday experience, teaching as a profession is trying to gain controlRead MoreThe Reasons For Teaching As A Profession913 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal satisfaction, enjoyment of the subject matter, and the desire to work with young people has been the central reasons for individuals choosing teaching as a profession (Curtis Wise, 2012). Teachers believe that by working with young people can make a difference in the lives of those young people. Teaching provides a sense of purpose. Teachers have the opportunity to build a student’s confidence, help to shape dreams, provide redirection, and impact knowledge and wisdom on a daily basisRead MoreEssay on The Teaching Profession1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Teaching Profession Becoming an educator, especially in recent years has been considered one of the most demanding yet rewarding professions in the work force today. Teaching, with its benefits and intellectual motives has risen to become one of the most sought after jobs in society. But even after taking such rewards into consideration, one might want to analyze how time consuming and emotionally draining teaching young people may turn out to be. Along with its rewards and demands, teachingRead MoreTeaching Is An Interesting Profession1528 Words   |  7 Pages For me teaching is an interesting profession. It makes me feel good. My thoughts regarding teaching were the same before I started working, so I did not experience any disappointment. In short teaching profession is joyful and instructive (English Teacher/6 years, Female). After undergraduate education, I thought that I could do everything and I would be a good teacher. When I began my career, sometimes I could not deliver the topic properly. I did not know how to provide knowledge toRead MoreTeaching Is A Profession Not A Trade Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pages3- Speak about the roles adopted by the teacher in classrooms. What other roles does the teacher play in the community? Teaching is a profession not a trade. Teachers play major roles in influencing students lives inside and outside their classrooms. They are the backbone of the educational systems that have a high esteem for teachers and their roles in society. They have the future of the country in their hands. Here, we are going to discuss their roles that vary between controllerRead MoreAnalyzing the Teaching Profession706 Words   |  3 PagesParamount importance in the treatment and education of man has the position and work of teaching. The teacher has always been the mainstay of intellectual and cultural progress of any society and the cornerstone of personal happiness every man. So, it be perceived the importance of this profession for man and society. It is no coincidence that everybody who exercise this profession should be at alert and disseminates the values and knowledge in children with the best way. This requires a constantRead MoreThe State Of The Teaching Profession Essay1 281 Words   |  6 PagesThe State of the Teaching Profession Before starting my debate research, I made a cluster graphic organizer to see which characteristics correlated with the topic, the state of the teaching profession. The overall themes I came up with where teacher shortage, retention, and how the implementation of the Common Core State Standards affects teacher retention. Collectively, as a group, we decided on our three debate topics: teacher residency programs, teacher shortage related to mentorship, and the

Cookie Cutter Shark Facts Free Essays

Cookie cutter shark ————————————————- Features: The Cookiecutter Shark combines many specialized features that enable it to carve out a living in the deep-sea. Like many mesopelagic sharks, it has an elongated body cavity filled with an enormous liver comprising as much as 35% of its total weight. The Cookiecutter’s liver is perfused with low-density oils which render the shark nearly neutrally buoyant over a wide range of depths and thereby saves energy by freeing it from the need to swim constantly to avoid sinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Cookie Cutter Shark Facts or any similar topic only for you Order Now It has very large eyes — the better with which to see potential prey — and a short, broad caudal fin that is ideal for rapid bursts of acceleration over short distances — that is, ambushing prey from close range. ————————————————- Hunting abilities: To lure prey within range, the Cookiecutter Shark relies on its brilliant luminescence. Complex light-producing organs called â€Å"photophores† are scattered over the Cookiecutter’s entire body and are especially richly distributed on its belly and lower surfaces. A main function of this pattern of bioluminescent organs is to eliminate an animal’s shadow as seen from below, a common mesopelagic anti-predatory strategy known as â€Å"counter-illumination†. But there is a very curious fact about the distribution of photophores on the Cookiecutter Shark’s undersurfaces: they are completely absent from the region under the throat between the gill slits. It has recently been proposed that this dark patch that is bordered by luminescent organs may mimic the search image of many upward-looking pelagic predators. Thus, when a would-be predator approaches what appear to be a small shadow of a potential prey animal, it is brought within the striking range of the insidious Cookiecutter Shark and the predator has become prey. ————————————————- Humans who, by accident or by design, enter the open sea are not immune from attacks by Cookiecutter Sharks. The body of a drowned fisherman recovered ff the coast of Oahu, Hawaii, in July 1992 had two Cookiecutter bites to the lower back. These bites are believed to have been inflicted post mortem, but there are a few documented reports of people — including shipwreck survivors and, in one case, an underwater photographer — being attacked in the tropical open ocean by schools of blunt-snouted and extremely ferocious foot-long (30-centimetre long) â€Å"fish† that neatly sliced out circular plugs of flesh about an inch (2. cen timetres) in diameter. The fish responsible may well have been Cookiecutters. This frightening possibility certainly puts the romantic notion of a moonlight swim in a whole new light. ————————————————- ———————————————————————————————————————–] How to cite Cookie Cutter Shark Facts, Essay examples

Family Subsystem Paper free essay sample

This family system seen within the movie is unique in the way it works or in this case, doesn’t work. Because that is the case, it is important to see the family not with eyes of the status quo but with non-judging eyes that see something that works, despite the seemingly chaotic way in which it goes about doing it. This is where tools come into play for counselors who generally work with family units. The most used tools are that of the genogram. When using the genogram, one usually looks at the family over the most current three generations. â€Å"In taking a genogram one inquires systematically into family patterns among aunts, uncles, cousins, grandparents, etc. , in an attempt to gather information about patterns of closeness, distance and conflict (Wachtel, 1982). † That being said, there are four family units present within the move Parenthood (1989). There is Frank and Marilyn and their four children Susan, Gil, Larry and Helen Buckman, there is Susan and Nathan Huffner and their daughter Patty, Larry and his son Cool, Helen and her ex-husband Edward and her two children Garry and Julie, Julie herself and her boyfriend turned husband Tod and lastly, Gil and his wife Karen and their three children Kevin, Taylor and Justin. The last family unit, that of Gil and his wife Karen, is the one that this paper will be focusing on. About Family Unit This family unit consists of two adults, Gil and Karen, and their three children, Kevin, their oldest son, Taylor their middle child and only daughter and Justin their youngest son; they also have a fourth child on the way. While this family looks crazy on the outside, it does have a method to the madness for those inside the family. Just like the three children that Gil and his wife Karen have raised, their family as a unit will hit and go through stages, both good and bad, and survive or not based on how well their family holds together. From an outsiders look, Gil and his wife, who are in the mid-30s to early 40s, play an active role in their children’s lives and like any good parents, worry about their children. They communicate well with each other and their family and have a healthy and respectful relationship. This, however, is shadowed by the family’s oldest son Kevin who is experiencing problems at school. I saw that Gil and his eldest are very much alike in that they both like things a certain way and have a hard time dealing with things that change the way they like things. Because of the type of business that Gil is in and the way Gil goes at life, it is possible that he has a small case of OCD or Obsessive Compulsive Disorder which could have passed down to his son either by his son imitating his father or just inheriting it. If that is not the case, then he passed down his anxiety and stress. While it is still unclear if such a disorder runs in the family, the NIMH states that, â€Å"†¦research indicates that OCD might run in families (NIMH, n. d. ). † While not a clear sign of OCD, Kevin losing his retainer and then digging through garbage bins to find it might suggest it is true. This however is shown as more anxiety and stress that come with every teenagers period of life as they strife to fit in and been seen as normal by their peers. On that note, the relationship between the parents and their two other children, Taylor and Justin, is very good and even their two children get along as well as can be expected of brother and sister. However, with the oldest son receiving so much attention because of his stress and anxiety that worry both of their parents, Gil most of all, the two youngest are in danger of not receiving the attention they normally do which may result in them acting out to get attention. An article states that attention-seeking behavior in children, â€Å"†¦reflects a dysfunctional desire for more than ones fair share of attention (Waters, 2011). † An adult would see the problems Kevin has and leave their parents to helping them whereas a child only sees their older brother is getting more attention than them. Intergenerational Themes One theme that becomes more visual is Gils and his father’s relationship, which is at the very least, strained. When the problems concerning his eldest come to light and the possible problems his two others children could  have in the near future, as well as a fourth child on the way, it is almost too much for Gil to handle. He starts to become a workaholic who spends more time at work then with his family because he feels like a failure. He also has fears of becoming like his father who often pushed his son Gil on other men to watch while he was working, which is a possible reason why Gil is so involved in his children’s lives for most of the movie despite working so hard and his dislike for his father who often seemed as if he could not be bothered. Another theme is how opposite Gil’s married life is when compared to his fathers and mothers. Gil married a woman who is completely unlike his mother. His mother is the type that has a submissive personality to her husband’s dominant one. She is very demure and has a quiet role in the family. His wife on the other hand is smart, outspoken and very much involved in the life of her husband and their children. There is also more communication between Gil and his wife then his husband has between him and his wife. Families often, but not always, repeat their behaviors and habits by passing them down one generation at a time (McGoldrick, Gerson, Perty, 2008). Family Strengths The family that Gil and his wife Karen are raised has much strength. One is their ability to communicate with each other which is rare in most family as the computer age takes hold young. A good example of this is when Gil begins to experience more stress at work then he can seemingly handle and thinks of quitting without knowing his wife is pregnant at the time. What couples usually do is fight when an issue like this happens but Gil and his wife come together and talk and come to a conclusion in a calm and respectful way. This communication is also expressed with their oldest son as their seems to be no issues with his problem nor his seeing a counselor for them. Family Weakness The greatest one I saw that supersedes the apparently hereditary anxiety issues present not just in Gil and Kevin but possibly his other children as well is the parent’s overprotectiveness. It is common for parents to experience overprotectiveness for their first child but after the second of third, it usually calms down as they get used to dealing with children. This family however has both parents being very protective with their children. Gil and his wife do admit to the counselor at school that thy were overprotective of their oldest son when he was young and most people can still see that is the case despite him being older. This also feeds into Gils desire to have his life and the life of those around him more orderly. Red Flags in Family The red flags I have seen are minor at the moment and unless they go untreated for too long, they will become issues passed down to the next generation. The first is the overprotectiveness that Gil and his wife show when dealing with their children. At the moment, their relationship with them is very good but as time goes on and all their children start getting older, their children will want space and if the parents are unable to give it, they will seeing a distance between their children soon. Another red flag is the anxiety that seems to pass down from Gil to his children. Getting help for his children, should they show signs of anxiety disorders, early, will help them in the long run and while it might make no difference for any children they themselves have, it will at least help them help their future children control it sooner. Family Therapy Models Because every family and every person in that family is different, it is hard to find a model that fits them best. This is even truer because a family never really fits any type of mold. Every family has its ins and outs and no two are alike, what’s more, the family is changing everyday as new things happen to members of the family or new people are brought into the family. When using a model for family therapy, one must look beyond the obvious and see into the family. For the two models I have chosen to use for this family and ones I am interested about are the Bowenian Family Systems and Solution Focused Brief Therapy. Bowenian Family Systems This model has to do with emotional problems that the family experience and then pass to each other. This theory states that, â€Å"Family members so profoundly affect each others thoughts, feelings, and actions that it often seems as if people are living under the same emotional skin. People solicit each others attention, approval, and support and react to each others needs, expectations, and distress (Bowen Center, 2013). † This means that through trial and error and some conditioning, we experience and act around our family as they expect us to. We all go through the stage of coping everyone we see and then a stage of picking the opposite of everything we see but we always act a certain way around family members. I think this would work well with the Gil family because they are so close. Being close is a good thing for any family but the overprotectiveness that Gil and his wife demonstrate and even admit to could hinder their children’s growth into their own persona and even drive them away should their try to leave the flock so to speak. It can also allow the parents to see how their transmit their own feelings on a matter that could stunt their children in some way without them even meaning to. Solution Focused Brief Therapy This therapy, like the name suggests is a short term goal therapy that looks more toward solutions rather than the problems. When this therapy was created, it was founded under the assumptions that, â€Å"†¦the client is the expert; if it is not broken, do not fix it; if something works, continue with it; if something does not work, do something else (Bannink, 2007). † That being said, it looks to the client to find a solution with the counselor but with the client heavily involved in the solution. It looks to empower the client by making known their strengths and showing them they have strengths they did not even see as such. It also tries to help the client look past what might be called bad genes and focusing on strong points the client has besides or in spite of his or her ‘failings’. I felt this was a very good choice for the Gil family because it fits Gil himself who likes to take the straight and narrow. It can also be used to help alleviate some of the anxiety and stress the family is experiencing as a whole because it outlines clear solutions and goals for reaching them without making mention of the problem itself. Lastly, it allows the use of the Miracle Question which is something that can, â€Å"†¦ lift clients out of the seeming constraints of real life. (Stith, Miller, Boyle, Swinton, Ratcliffe, 2012). † This is usually asked before the therapy really starts and allows goals to be created around the ideal solution that their clients  see themselves in life. It also lets the therapist know of the clients real thoughts on a better life then their current one. Conclusion In conclusion, the Gil family is your average family with its ups and downs. It has the usually problems and the usually way in which the family tries to balance itself out, as well as the usually problems that plague families of today such as economic stress and the arrival of a new child. The family has its strengths, such as their ability to communicate and their weaknesses, such as the parent’s overprotectiveness. It also has its red flags such as the possible hereditary problems passed down from Gil. This paper also shows two good models for therapy to help even out some of those rough edges that every family has and ways to avoid possible problems with the help of the models. Lastly, by using a genogram, it would allow a family like this one to see its own patterns and issues that they did not even realize were issues and put a stop or get a handle on them before too long.

Separating Acids and Neutral Compounds free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment was to use solvent extraction techniques in order to separate a mixture consisting of a carboxylic acid (p-toulic acid), a phenol (p-tert-butylphenol), and a neutral compound (acetanilide). Extraction is the process of selectively dissolving one or more of the compounds of a mixture into an appropriate solvent, the solution that contains these dissolved compounds is called an extract (Manion, 2004). Impurities that are present in the solution can be removed by extracting them from the original solvent into another solvent. This is done by mixing two immiscible (insoluble to one another) solvents (Manion, 2004). By mixing the solvents together rapidly the exchange of the desired product from one solvent will be transferred to the other and the impurities remain in the original solvent. The two solvent layers then completely separate from each other as they are immiscible. The process washing is the reverse process, it leaves the desired compound in the original solvent and the impurities are transferred to the second solvent (Manion, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Separating Acids and Neutral Compounds or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The solvent selection generally is determined by polarity, on will be polar typically wathe while the other a non-polar solution (hydrocarbon). The solvent choices that are used will always separate as they are unlike molecules and will not be able to be dissolved into each other. The result is a layering effect of the solvents within the container they are held, the denser layer of the mixture will always appear at the bottom of the container. This phenomenon allows for quick identification of the layers within the experiment with a water drop test indicating which of the solvent take on the water is the aqueous layer. If one of the compounds in the mixture can be converted into its ionic form it can be more easily extracted into an aqueous layer as it becomes soluble within the solvent (Manion, 2004). By use of acid-base reactions the ionic components that have been broken down due to the reaction become soluble with in the aqueous solutions. The techniques also need to facilitate this experiment were the use of pH paper to 2 determine acidity; determine melting points of experimentally derived substances, separate solids from solution with vacuum filtration, and to speed evaporation by use of air. Materials and Methods The extraction mixture was prepared by weighing out 0. 25-. 35 g of acetanilide, 0. 4-0. 6 g of p-toluic acid, and 0. 4-0. 6 g of p-tert-butylphenol. The exact masses weighed for the experiment were recorded in a lab notbook. Then in a 100-mL beaker 25 mL of tert-butyl methyl ether was added and the three solid compounds listed above were added and mix until dissolved. The solution was then poured into a 125-mL separatory funnel and place in a support ring attached to a stand. The extraction of the p-toulic acid was carried out by the addition of 10 mL of 0. 5M aqueous NaHCO3 being added to the separatory funnel. Then a glass stopper was placed into the funnel the funnel was inverted while keeping pressure on the stopper not allowing any of the mixture to spill out while the funnel was rocked back and forth in order to gently mix the two layers. The gas was released from the funnel periodically as the mixture was shaken until there was no longer any gas escaping from the open stopper in the funnel. The separatory funnel was then placed back on the supporting ring stand and the layers were allowed to again separate. The identity of the two layers was then determined by introducing several drops water of just below the surface of the top layer of solution with a pasture pipette in the funnel. Observation of the aqueous layer’s change was noted. The glass stopper was removed from the funnel and the stopcock on the funnel was opened to drain the aqueous layer from the funnel into a clean and labeled 100-ml beaker. The ether layer remained in the funnel as the stopcock was closed just as the bottom of the aqueous layer reached the top of the stopcock. This process was then repeated two more times with subsequent additions of 10 mL of the 0. 5M aqueous NaHCO3 and the aqueous layers drained off into the above mention labeled 100-mL beaker. Finally 5 mL of deionized water was placed into the funnel and mixed. The water was then drained off into the beaker containing the aqueous solution extracts. The solution was then saved until need later in the experiment. The extraction of the p-tert-butylphenol was then carried out in the exact same fashion as the p-toulic acid, with the exception that the aqueous solution added to the remaining ether solution was 10 mL of 0. 5M NaOH. The solution was mixed and the gas was in the funnel, along with the extraction of the aqueous layer three times into a clean and labeled 100-mL beaker. As in the previous step an addition of 5 mL of deionized water was used in the final extraction step. The extracted solution was also saved for later in the experiment as was the ether layer remaining in the separatory funnel. The retained solution from the NaHCO3 extraction was used to precipitate the P-toulic acid. Drop wise 3M HCl was added to the extracted solution carefully until no more precipitate was formed and the solution tested acidic, with a pH reading less than 3 as indicated by pH paper testing. A piece of clean filter paper was then weighed and the mass recorded in a lab notebook. A vacuum filtration system was constructed with a Buchner funnel the filter paper was used to retain the precipitate crystals that were formed in the previous process. Then the crystals were set to air dry completely atop the filter paper on a watch glass. The dried compound was then weighed to obtain the sample mass and a small amount of the compound was placed into a capillary tube to be used to obtain a melting point measurement. The isolation of the p-tert-butylphenol was done by first heating the NaOH extracts to 60Â ° C obtain previously in the experiment to remove any remaining tert-butyl methyl ether that could inhibit the crystallization of precipitate. The solution was heated on a hot plate in a fume hood to the desired temperature and then allowed to cool. Next, 3M HCl was added until the mixture was acid having a pH less than 3. The mixture was then placed in an ice bath to further facilitate crystallization. A piece of new filter paper was weighed and the mass recorded in a lab notebook. The filter paper was then used in a Buchner funnel filtration system to separate the p-tert-butylphenol crystals from the solution. The crystals were than placed on a watch glass along with the filter paper to air dry completely. The dried compound was then weighed to obtain the sample mass and a small amount of the compound was placed into a capillary tube to be used to obtain a melting point measurement. In order to isolate the acetanilide the reserved ether layer in the separatory funnel was transferred to a clean 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Then approximately 1 gram of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added to remove any traces of water from the solution. The flask was then stoppered to allow the solution to dry for five minutes as it was swirled occasionally. A clean 100-mL beaker was weighed and the mass recorded and the cleared dried ether-acetanilide layer was transferred to it. The ether was then evaporated from the solution by being heated on a hotplate as a stream of air was passed over it. The remaining oily residue, the acetanilide, was crystallized by placing it in an ice bath. The acetanilide crystals were then allowed to dry, after they dried they were weighed and the mass recorded. The dried compound was then weighed to obtain the sample mass and a small amount of the compound was placed into a capillary tube to be used to obtain a melting point measurement.

Free Essays on Set Straight

â€Å"What have I done to deserve this? Where did I go wrong with my child?† Parents ask themselves these and numerous other questions when their teenage children defy the morals, values, and restrictions with which they have been taught and raised. Not understanding why the child has chosen a certain path of deviance may root intolerable heartaches for family and friends. The mystery of misbehavior in adolescents can injure any family’s well-being and destroy irreplaceable trust and affection. The teenage years are a crucial time of alteration and development and consequently, internal and external forces such as parents, siblings, peers, self-conception, and thought drive the young adult into a rebellious lifestyle. During the teenage years, a person begins to establish his or her self as an individual and along with this challenging maturity comes interior confusion and doubt. It is common for one to experience depression and loneliness at this age because he or she might feel misunderstood and out of place, like a misfit. A teen’s most hunted goal is to be accepted. Consequently, it becomes increasingly desirable to obtain popularity in school or within a group of friends so that the exalting feeling of reception is attained. If a young teen is often unoccupied, the presence of boredom can lead him or her into trying a new drug to occupy the mind and idle time. A teen always wants to have continuous fun. Therefore, curiosity is an ever-present sense among today’s youth. The kids often crave to know how it feels to live a life on the edge of revolt. After being punished by parents, these confused adolescents want to avenge their lost freedom by â€Å"getting back† a t their elders. These overwhelming inner urges, desires, and challenges are solved by one life style: rebellion. Examining beyond the mind, teenagers look towards their friends with admiration. Friends are considerably the most important aspect of a tee... Free Essays on Set Straight Free Essays on Set Straight â€Å"What have I done to deserve this? Where did I go wrong with my child?† Parents ask themselves these and numerous other questions when their teenage children defy the morals, values, and restrictions with which they have been taught and raised. Not understanding why the child has chosen a certain path of deviance may root intolerable heartaches for family and friends. The mystery of misbehavior in adolescents can injure any family’s well-being and destroy irreplaceable trust and affection. The teenage years are a crucial time of alteration and development and consequently, internal and external forces such as parents, siblings, peers, self-conception, and thought drive the young adult into a rebellious lifestyle. During the teenage years, a person begins to establish his or her self as an individual and along with this challenging maturity comes interior confusion and doubt. It is common for one to experience depression and loneliness at this age because he or she might feel misunderstood and out of place, like a misfit. A teen’s most hunted goal is to be accepted. Consequently, it becomes increasingly desirable to obtain popularity in school or within a group of friends so that the exalting feeling of reception is attained. If a young teen is often unoccupied, the presence of boredom can lead him or her into trying a new drug to occupy the mind and idle time. A teen always wants to have continuous fun. Therefore, curiosity is an ever-present sense among today’s youth. The kids often crave to know how it feels to live a life on the edge of revolt. After being punished by parents, these confused adolescents want to avenge their lost freedom by â€Å"getting back† a t their elders. These overwhelming inner urges, desires, and challenges are solved by one life style: rebellion. Examining beyond the mind, teenagers look towards their friends with admiration. Friends are considerably the most important aspect of a tee...

Indie Attitude

Indie Attitude While I’m on a Joel Friedlander high (last week’s issue), I had to sink my teeth into a piece he had on his blog recently. thebookdesigner.com/2014/05/the-secret-sauce-for-indie-publishers-attitude/ The blog post was titled The Secret Sauce for Indie Publishers: Attitude. Nina Amir was the author of that post, and she advised that an Indie attitude needed to consist of: 1) Willingness 2) Optimism 3) Objectivity 4) Tenacity I loved reading the comments afterwards, some from readers who obviously were not interested in an attitude adjustment, preferring to remain in their I-can’t-do-this or you-have-to-know-somebody mindset. Actually, the Indie attitude is just a healthy attitude toward life. You don’t have to be a writer, and your attitude doesn’t have to be about writing. And if you want to take attitude and   boil it down to one word, you can stop with the first in Nina Amir’s list: WILLINGNESS. If you are willing to do whatever it takes to change, try new things, learn new ways, attempt trial and error, and write until you figure out how to play this game and make a living at it, it just might happen. I had a long conversation with my editor the other day about more books, a new series, and how I view my writing career. In the exchange, I let her know that whether I’m published or not, I’ll write my stories. And if I cannot find a publisher, I’ll self-publish. It’s just what I do, and I’ll adapt to whatever I need to in order to keep doing what I’m doing. She was impressed at my â€Å"attitude† toward the future.  Frankly, I see my future no other way. Why not be willing to adapt . . . when it makes me better or more successful? Why not learn new ways . . . if old ones have quit working? Why not step outside my comfort zone . . . if staying inside it confines me to a routine that isn’t moving me forward? It’s all attitude. You’ve met those people in your life, the ones with a great outlook and a willingness to improve. They are exciting to be around. So why can’t that be you?

Managing Human Resources (Procedural Justice and Ethics in Employee Essay

Managing Human Resources (Procedural Justice and Ethics in Employee Relations,) - Essay Example Employers often claim they are protecting the business from â€Å"theft, loss of productivity, lawsuits, avoiding violence and terror attacks† (Lane, 2003 p. 12). However legitimate these reasons are, employees’ privacy also need to be respected. The law does not protect employees’ especially private sector employees from infringement of their privacy thus they depend on their good faith and procedural justice and ethics. The main purpose of this paper is to devise guidelines to follow in determining reasonable compromise between company’s need to run its business and employee rights to privacy. The paper will achieve this by first discussing the various ways businesses impinge on employee privacy. Secondly, the reasons behind employee surveillance will be discussed and the options employees have to protect their freedoms. Lastly, a set of guidelines will be drawn that can assist an organization fulfill its needs without necessarily undermining workersâ₠¬â„¢ feelings of dignity and worth. This is based on the belief that if workers are informed of what is going on they can easily adapt and accept a little infringement of privacy for the common good of all. Businesses especially with the advancement in technology have numerous ways of invading employees’ privacy. ... In one survey held in 1979, 75% of respondents believed in individual basic rights to privacy (Bies, 1993). Some ethical dilemmas on workplace privacy are specific to industries while others are common to all companies such as web surfing. Some of the methods used by employers that invade privacy include: computer-aided surveillance, drug and alcohol testing, AIDS testing, generic screening, health screening, background checks, credit reports, personality tests, use of video cameras, and Global Positioning System (GPS) (Brown, 1996 p. 1237). These generate private information about employees which employers can use for business purpose. Management is updated about employees’ activities every minute. Lanes (2003) argues that a certain amount of information and supervision is a necessary component of successful business. However, he also acknowledges that only relevant information should be sought and kept especially in an era when federal government has capability and will to u se that information for public policy purposes. Why do employers keep surveillance of employees? Some argue they are protecting the company from theft and sabotage. In this era of computer technology, employees have found ways of defrauding the company or divulging company secrets to outside world (Bies, 1993). As such, companies need to check what employees are surfing on the net, their emails, and what they do with company resources such as vehicles. Theft of intellectual property can e avoided by keeping close surveillance of employees use of personal computers. Another justification for surveillance is employee productivity. Many employees spend much of their time web surfing, talking on the phone, sending emails and playing

Toward a theoretical and substantial understanding of complex social Essay

Toward a theoretical and substantial understanding of complex social networks - Essay Example This research is being carried out to determine the viability of a theory. One of the best ways to do it is to compare it to the parameters and processes of real world systems. Aristotle’s examination of the physical manifestations of natural phenomena helped lead him to his theory of universals, which holds that an object has its own immutable and innate form: a pear is a pear because it embodies that form. The observation of complex social networks, both great and small, yields invaluable information about how their processes affect form, systemic characteristics and interact with other systems. The study of real-world networks reveals a wealth of information about the relevance of the random network model and the theory of scale-free networks, as developed by Albert-Laszlo Barabasi and Reka Albert. Thus, by observing systems such as food web networks, human physiological systems and various social interactions we may determine to what extent the laws of connectivity predict how they behave under certain circumstances. By extension, we may also utilize systems that approximate real-world network tendencies, such as the worldwide web and power network grids. Both random and scale free networks exhibit characteristics that are identifiable in natural systems. In Linked: The New Science of Networks, Barabasi and Albert describe random networks in terms of human physiology, explaining that the more links that are added within a system, the more difficult it becomes to find an isolated node. Thus the networks around and within us are very dense, which explains why â€Å"all molecules in our body are integrated into a single complex cellular map† (Barabasi and Albert 2002, p. 19). In this way, Nature creates redundancy to ensure survival by â€Å"repeatedly and extravagantly (exceeding) the one-link minimum† (2002, p. 18). In developing the theory of scale-free network, Barabasi and Albert found that most real-world networks display what they 2 describe as â€Å"

Community Immersion Essay Example for Free

Community Immersion Essay It is the city base for Jeff Davis Parish which combined has 6 cities in the parish (U. S. Census Bureau, 2010). Jennings is considered a rural area with a population of 10,909 people residing in the city. According to the census bureau the city of Jennings is populated with Caucasians at 7,736, African Americans 3, 076, Asian 32 and Hispanics 101 (U. S. Census Bureau, 2010). Jennings has two sub communities the south side of town where most of the blacks are under the poverty line and some middle class residents. Downtown is where the whites and a few blacks live, these two sides a separated by a railroad track. The founding of Jennings was a manifestation of the dynamic spirit in Americans which led them to continually seek new frontiers and new areas of economic exploitation. The story of its growth parallels that of many other Louisiana towns, but in two respects it has a claim to distinctiveness: its middle western origin and its connection with Louisiana’s oldest oil field. Jennings McComb, for whom the town was named, was a contractor of the Southern Pacific Railroad. He built the Jennings depot on a divide peculiar to southwest Louisiana (Riser, 1948). It is known that he was president of the Louisiana Western Railroad Company and had been associated with Charles Morgan in certain railroad transactions. McComb accumulated a great fortune, not from the railroad transactions. McComb accumulated a great fortune, not from the railroad but from the acquisition of the patent for the arrow tie buckle used in the baling of cotton. In 1901 an Jennings businessmen brought in oil operators to develop the Jennings Oil Field. This marked the first production of oil in the state of Louisiana. Oil became an important element in the economy of Jennings, but rice, the basis of the town’s economy, was still cultivated. After 1906 oil production declined and the importance of the industry to Jennings decreased. Rice remained, as it always had been, the leading economic activity of the area (Riser, 1948). The one thing about this community is the buildings; they still resemble the old design from in the beginning. This community on one side of the tracks maybe crumbling, but Jennings is a growing city. Jennings can give the illusion of nothing is going on and deep down inside of the town is array of discrimination of race, social class, an economic status. II. Community Structure: Community Function Jennings has few clubs for socializing and due to the divide in the population by race. Socialization between the white and blacks are limited if they do not work together. There are normally around event times in the community two different parades one downtown for the white the other Southside for the blacks. The city is ran by the mayor elected, making all the decisions in the city. During events for the city the decision in regards to can it happen is left to the chief of police. The city has two law enforcement agency the city police which handles everything inside the city and the sheriff’s department which is for surrounding parish cities. Each area or parts of Jennings have police jurors that are elected for the area. Residents are to contact their police jurors with complaints; they are then brought before a town meeting that is held each month at city hall. The meetings are open to all residents in the parish; however they are not openly advertised. There are many community leaders, or shall I say power families. These are the people who basically can have anything they want in Jennings. These families have been living here from the beginning and own most of all the businesses in Jennings. Jennings with these power families there is a lot of corruption within the city. According to an interview conducted with a resident of Jennings, it is a visible corruption. They stated that it’s in the police department and in the court houses. The court house is located in central Jennings and shares a uilding with the parish sheriff’s department. The courthouse has two courtrooms and on judge. One Monday’s, Tuesday’s and Wednesday’s are court days in Jennings. Because this is the parish base surrounding cities in the parish have to attend court in Jennings. The mayor’s office is located across from the courthouse, basically if he is in office the office residents have the opportunity to speak with h im. Election for public office are held every two years, however the judge and chief of police have held the same positions for the last 4 years. They were reelected with majority of the vote. Observing and interviewing residents across the tracks with a low economic status on the government of Jennings. Residents of this community fear the police and the government of Jennings. Most of the residents don’t vote because they believe it does not work. On resident showed me the curfew signs located for two blocks in front of the only club in Jennings. Residents reported having to leave the city to socialize (Jennings Daily News, 2005). III. Community Characteristics Jennings is a booming city new school, shopping centers, restaurants, car lots and new additions to the hospital. This is all downtown Jennings, continue to drive to Southside Jennings and the economy changes. The economy in Jennings is low compared to other cities in Louisiana. Local business owner, own most of the shopping places. The other centers are chain stores and restaurants which provide employment in city. To obtain a good job some resident must leave the city and drive at least 30 miles to the nearest city for work. There are 3 public schools and 2 catholic schools in Jennings there is a technical school which provides training in different fields. Just recently I was informed that Southside had the only elementary school residents. According to the Jennings daily news the school was moved uptown Jennings. There are no schools located in the Southside community of Jennings (Jennings Daily News, 2005). Looking for resources in Jennings is like looking for a needle in a hay stack. There are limited resources in the area for residents living in poverty. There is no office of community services which provides applications and face to face case managers for additional household help; the nearest office is 45 minutes away. There is a health unit that provides parenting classes other services to needed residents. Caring Hands is the only resource of helping people pay bills if needed. They help with light bills, gas bills, and water bills if qualified. There is no transportation system in the city, residents with no cars must walk to the stores. The community even with the lack of services seems not to harm most of the community. It’s for the most part beginning to overcome the racism that has been a factor over the years. However it still a big issue here in Jennings. Jennings have develop over the years an array of issues that need to be addressed like the lack of community services, the sub community of Southside Jennings, lack of activities for children, and jobs. With all this going on the murders of eight young ladies since 2005 has divided and turned the downtown residents against the city police that the city police no longer operate alone in the city the Louisiana state police has taken over (Jennings Daily News, 2005). Its apparent when driving through and speaking with residents, the blacks in the community experience oppression from the local government as well as themselves. There is a large amount of discrimination not only with the government but the local police. Residents state even if they are not doing anything the good suffers for the bad. Police patrol Southside and allow no room for socialization. The park on the Southside is always empty most children rather stay in the house. The local police abuse their power an residents live in fear every day. Jennings, Louisiana do not have a homeless population, most residents that lose their homes move in with relatives. Make some home occupied with multiply families. In this community, it’s a plus along with all the other problems they do not need a homeless problem. IV. Summary and Conclusion Jennings, Louisiana a booming city, with hidden racial problems. Jennings with the majority of the population being white runs the local government, making all the decisions for the city. The lack of resources makes it impossible for some residents to access them. It’s a city that can be two different cities in one. Although education is accessible most of the black don’t attend. Jobs are limited less and there is no public transportation out of city to find jobs. Most residents live under the poverty line for the ones who do not are enjoying this community as long as the blacks stay on their side of the tracks. Reading Netting and observing this community there is a lot going on like Social Darwinism due to the blacks believing that income between not only rich and poor, but white and black is natural (Kettner, McMurty, Netting, 1998). The manifest destiny in which is going on in Jennings today.

Industrial Hemp Should be Legal Essay -- Argument for Industrial Hemp

Just the mention of the word Cannabis in today’s society brings about all types of negative connotations. This is understandable due to the major propaganda campaign that has been waged by the U.S. government on the plant. Most citizens have no idea what a mature Cannabis plant looks like, and close to none recognize the thousands of uses it has. This is paper will not discuss whether drug-type Cannabis should be legalized for recreational or medicinal purposes, what it will discuss is the many environmentally friendly products that can be made from non-psychoactive hemp. The Columbia History of the World states that the first archaeological record of human industry is a piece of hemp fabric. This is testament to the fact that the Cannabis plant has been used since the dawn of mankind for all types of purposes, and only lately has fallen out of use due to it’s prohibition by capitalists. Earlier cultures used it for fabric, rope, oil for lighting lamps, medicine, and paper, to name the most important ones. With the rise of technology we have alternative resources to use for those products, but are they superior? Cotton accounts for half of the agricultural chemicals used in America today. Now, forests are cut down to make paper that is inferior to hemp paper in every way. We have all types of petrochemical oils that are used today, but studies have shown that hemp oil can accomplish all of the major tasks that modern synthetic oils achieve. Medicine will not be discussed, but it will be said that Cannabis is listed in the oldest survivi ng medical text, and for thousands of years was used to treat almost every symptom that a human can acquire. Non-Psychoactive Cannabis has been popularly known as Industrial Hemp. There are three main varieties of the plant; ones with good fiber, ones with good oils, and one with good psychoactive properties. Industrial Hemp is very easy to grow and harvest. It does not require an abundance of fertilizers to grow. Nor does it require pesticides/herbicides/fungicides because insects never pose a serious threat due to its alarmingly fast growth rate and natural defense system. Hemp fiber is the strongest natural fiber in the world, the reason why it was used for all ship rigging up to the modern age. Hemp fabric has an excellent texture that gets softer with each use, yet keeps it durability. Despite it’s ... ...to be the staple of Kentucky's economy, too. Willard R. Jillson, in 1942, wrote a speech about the hemp industry in Kentucky and stated, â€Å"Born with the Commonwealth, the story of the hemp industry in Kentucky is, in effect, a history of the state itself.† (1) In a strange dichotomy of policy, even after the government’s war on the plant and its illegalization, during WWII the USDA requested that children’s 4-H clubs in Kentucky grow hemp for the war! The University of Kentucky still has this flier in their archives. The case has been made for why Industrial Hemp should be allowed to be grown by U.S. farmers. It has also been shown that the major reasons against its use are completely unconvincing, for they are based in selfishness, corruption, and misinformation. Industrial Hemp is an environmentally friendly alternative to many of the most used and most polluting resources in the U.S. today. With all the damage being done to the Earth’s environment by modern industry, the time to use Hemp again is more important than ever. So, as one can see, the issue is complex, yet the answer is clear. Unfortunately the antagonist is one of man’s oldest and strongest enemies, greed.

What Are the Benefits for Foreign Firms to Cross List in the Us Markets?

What are the benefits for foreign firms to cross list in the US markets? Do the benefits remain after the SOX? Do you think the benefits would remain unchanged after the worldwide adoption of IFRS? Foreign companies are always looking for a new country to plant a flag and expand their global market place. One of the ways that they do this in the business world is through a process called cross listing. This practice allows a company owned and operated in Country A to list their company in Country B’ s financial trading exchange.Some have argued that introduction of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) and the ongoing plans of convergence between US GAAP and IFRS have decreased the need for cross listing. While there is a difference of opinion as to whether or not the practice is still beneficial is this day an age; I tend to believe that even if the benefits are not as robust as they once were they are worth the investment Cross listing is when a corporation â€Å"lists its equity shares on one or more foreign stock exchange in addition to its domestic exchange. (Wikipedia, 2013) The practice became very popular in the in 80’s and hit its peak in the 1990’s. Research has uncovered a number of benefits and reasons for cross listing. Three models were established to show the benefits of cross listing. They are the market segmentation / investor recognition model, the liquidity model, and the shareholder protection / legal bonding model. (Weisbach, Reese, 2002) When it comes to discussing the benefits of cross listing in the United States. Some of the benefits are as follows: The first is that it will increase the visibility of company in a global scale. Zhu, Small, 2007) Changing the visibility of a company from national to global offers a company a larger audience who may not have been familiar with a company in the past. Second, companies can gain access to liquid markets. (Zhu, Small, 2007) A foreign company in a developing country may not have enough li quidity in its surrounding area for the purposes of investment and growth. Leaning on developed countries with large financial exchanges is a way to tap into those economic resources that issuers are trying to find. Third, is to show that the company is strong. Zhu, Small, 2007) In a competitive industry such as the earning management and the stock market, investors are looking for strong companies to give their money to. It is up to the foreign firms to establish themselves. In some cases an audience with financial analyst that can tout the benefits of investing in your company is a way of building international credibility with the investment world. Finally, cross listing is done in order to follow tougher requirements. This can show that a company is â€Å"for real† and worth a look because they are willing to cross list in a country with tough exchange requirements. Zhu, Small, 2007) The overall benefits of cross listing can be summed up in a few words: global exposure th at leads to international investments from multiple countries that will fuel growth opportunities. There are critics that say that SOX has affected cross listing negatively due to its strict and stringent rules. In some cases, these are so different from a foreign companies â€Å"home† accounting policies that it makes it almost impossible or the firm to comply. Congress has made it clear that â€Å"U. S. nvestors are entitled to †¦protection regardless of†¦issuer† (Zhu, Small, 2012) SOX was established to protect investors from fraud by companies when they are reporting their performance to the SEC and regardless of cost the U. S. should stand behind those principles and try to keep companies â€Å"honest†. In my opinion the same benefits that cross listings had before SOX still exist; the willingness of companies to comply with SOX and reap the benefits of cross listing. Once the convergence between US GAAP and IFRS is complete I still see a benefit to cross listing.However, by sheer transition to IFRS a company would lose the benefit of stricter exchange requirements. The move would require changes to legal and financial interpretations of accounting standards. However, the true consequences of this move to a global standard could not be determined until the framework of these standards was complete and implementation has taken place with U. S. and foreign firms. In closing, I consider cross listing a beneficial practice for foreign firms. I agree that we are living in an Internet world where I can invest in German company with a few clicks of a mouse.I also agree that we are heading towards a global accounting standard that will level the playing for all companies of all sizes in all countries. However, the benefit of cross listing that I see never going away is the visibility. Having a tangible presence in developed countries is key to growth. Having a presence in developing countries is a stepping-stone to bigger growth opp ortunities in the future. Bibliography â€Å"Cross Listing. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 17 Jan. 2013. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. Dobbs, Richard, and Marc Goedhart. Why Cross-listing Shares Doesn't Create Value. † McKinsey Quarterly Autumn 2008 29 (2008): n. pag. Print. Reese, William, Jr. , and Michael Weisbach. â€Å"Protection of Minority Shareholder Interests, Cross-listings in the United States, and Subsequent Equity Offerings. † NBER. Journal of Financial Economics, 2002. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. Zhu, Hong, and Ken Small. â€Å"Has Sarbanes-Oxley Led to a Chilling in the U. S. Cross-Listing Market. † Has Sarbanes-Oxley Led to a Chilling in the U. S. Cross-Listing Market. The CPA Journal, Mar. 2007. Web. 20 Jan. 2013.

Function and Role of Law in Business and Society

Functions and Roles of Law in Business and Society Patricia Hackley LAW 421 April 15, 2013 C. J. Hughes Abstract A review of the Constitution, the Bill of Rights and the Code of Conduct will be discussed for a better understanding of it role in business. Businesses have operated for years but the interest lies in the development of and reasons for code of conduct; with the Constitution and Bill of Rights identifying the rights of the companies and the people. According to CFA Institute, â€Å"Code of Ethics were first created in the 1960’s†.It is the result of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that promoted businesses to hire equal opportunity officers, to ensure compliance with the new law (â€Å"A History of Business Ethics†, 2012). The U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 enforced the mandates and the Environmental Protection Act forced businesses to internalize the cost of discharging toxic effluent (Ibid). In 1977, The U. S. Government enacted the For eign Corrupt Practices Act to control actions of U. S. corporations overseas as a result of a series of scandals involving bribery. In an attempt to address public outcry to get out of South Africa, a group of U.S. companies adopted the Sullivan Principles. It was also hoped that South Africa would change due to these principles. By 1980, most companies in South Africa had started adopting ethical codes and training their employees (Ibid). The Responsible Care was developed as a result of a chemical disaster in India in 1984 and in 1986, the Defense Industry Initiative on Business Ethics and Conduct had written code of ethics, provided training to employees, established monitoring systems, shared best practices and became accountable to the public, due to defense contract irregularities.The 1991 U. S, Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Corporations provided incentives to corporation that incorporated ethical structures. If the company could show they had taken steps to address the et hical behavior of the company, the fines would be reduced, if found guilty. The most significant legislation to date is the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act which was initiated as a result of scandals involving Enron, Arthur Andersen and other corporations.It requires CEO and CFO to certify fairness and accuracy of financial statements and code of ethics for senior financial officers along with public disclosure. The United States developed a voluntary Global Compact for Corporations, with over 1,500 companies worldwide joining, have nine guiding principles including labor standards, human rights and environmental protection. The Community Services Bureau, were I worked as a Site Supervisor, were governed by Federal, State and local laws, along with guidelines from our funding sources.We had annual Code of Conduct training and signing of a new amendment. Middle management and staff were members of the local union that provided arbitration, in the event of employee dispute, or ratify a new co ntract. Now we are acquainted with the development of business ethical conduct, we can make a correlation with the Constitution and Bill of Rights in the puzzle of function and role in business and society. The Constitution’s Bill of Rights, which include the first ten articles in the Constitution, brings us to the established boundaries of jurisdiction.Congress, under Article I of the Constitution, has the power to regulate commerce, tax the citizens and commercial entities and the spending government funds, bankruptcy, patents, and copyrights and make all laws necessary to carry out its powers under the Constitution. (Melvin, 2011). Under the Executive branch, the President carries out laws, the commander in chief to the armed forces and enters into treaties, pending Senate approval, and appoint federal officers and judges, also requiring Senate approval.Under the Judiciary branch, cases and controversies are decided under federal jurisdiction. The Judicial Review is the ul timate judge of federal constitutional law under the U. S. Supreme Court. (Melvin, 2011). In 1803, the Court ruled that the Constitution was higher than federal and state statutes, the conflicts between the Constitution and federal or state law, the Court has the authority to strike it down as unconstitutional. This authority can be found under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution.The standards established classifies these actions in three categories: rational basis, intermediate-level scrutiny or strict scrutiny (Melvin, 2011). The Commerce Clause enables Congress to regulate Commerce among several states. It channels interstate commerce such as railways, vehicles used in shipping and articles moved in interstate commerce. The Bill of Rights First, Fourth, Fifth and Eighth Amendments are directly addressing businesses. The First Amendment guarantees the freedom of speech, press and the right to peacefully assemble.In business, the first amendment provides partial protection p rovided the speech is truthful and concerned a lawful activity; State cannot limit the free flow of information to consumers. To address these concerns and others, a four-part test framework was created to decide if certain regulations were constitutional: commercial speech in advertising, with no political implications. If regulations were constitutional, they passed all four parts of the test. Political speech has full First Amendment protection. The Fourth Amendment protects citizen rights to be secure in their person’s, houses, papers and effects.To secure a search warrant they must demonstrate probable cause or if they have cause for administrative violations they must have an administrative warrant to gain access to worksites for compliance inspections. The Fifth Amendment protects individuals from being compelled to be a witness against themselves. The business aspect of the Fifth Amendment allows individuals to remain silent during investigations and court proceedings . The Fourteenth Amendment protects individuals from being deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law and includes restrictions and actions by state governments.The Due Process Clause has certain procedural requirements and that laws passed must be published for inspection by the public and be specific so the individual understands how the law applies. The Equal Protection Clause prohibits government from denying citizens’ equal protection of the law. It is interesting that the Bill of Rights has not been amended since it was established in 1866 and it continues to provide citizens with the rights, due process and establishment of laws to govern the ever increasing industry of business.Functions and Roles of Law in Business and Society References Code of Ethics & Standards of Professional Conduct. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. cfainstitute. org/ethics/codes/ethics/Pages/index. aspx A History of Business Ethics. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. scu . edu/ethics/practicing/focusareas/business/conference/presentations/business-ethics-history. html Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business: A Managerial Approach: Theory to Practice. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

English Industrialization

English Industrialization Throughout history, England has been a major power. At certain points in history, its government and economy have been very powerful and grand. Due to many factors, England was able to grow in power and become a predominant force in Europe. During the Industrialization of the early to mid-nineteenth century, England was able to achieve and maintain the role as the supreme industrialized power because of the characteristics of England.England was successful due to the trade it received and also due to the numerous factories and textiles located in England. Because England had a large amount of iron available, Factories and inventions were made. Using the natural resources, the factories, and inventions, countless products were made with better quality. Also, because the machines actually did the work, they factory owners did not have to pay as many laborers and also the job was done at a much quicker pace.English: The House of Commons in Session

How Long Does it Take to Write a Book Do it Well

How Long Does it Take to Write a Book Do it Well How Long Does it Take to Write a Book? The most valuable thing a writer can learn is how long does it take to write a book. And while most sources say it depends, we break it down for you.According to this article that interviewed famous authors, when asked how long it took to produce their debut novels, the answers ranged from four years to a decade. In other words, a very long time.While it’s nice to be able to take your time honing and polishing your new book, a rough draft sitting on your hard drive isn’t doing anything for you. It’s not building your author name, spreading your message, or growing your audience.Moreover, it’s not earning you a single cent.But there is amazing news:Writing your book can take far less time than you think. You just need to have the right mindset and stay motivated.Heres what youll learn about how long it takes to write a book:How to create a deadlinePrioritizing to take less time to write a bookCreate word count goalsFind accountability to write a book faster Set challenges to finish writing your bookHere at Self-Publishing School, our goal is to improve this arduous writing process. Right now, we coach our students to routinely complete a new book in just 90 days, finishing their first draft in as little as 30 days!They are able to accomplish this by following a simple step-by-step guide that were going to share with you today.NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self-Publishing Program. Learn more about it hereHow long does it take to write a book?Many authors report that it takes up to a year to write a book, but more recently, authors are finishing their books in as little as a month to 90 days. How long it takes to write a book largely depends on how much time the writer puts in to actually writing it, though.The truth about how long it takes to write a book depends on how many words are in it.Heres a guideline for how long it takes to write a book: 30,000 50,000 words: 500 words/day = 60 100 days50,000 80,000 words: 500 words/day = 100 160 days80,000 100,000 words: 500 words/day = 160 200 daysEssentially, the length of time it takes can be anywhere from two months to 7 months depending on how often you write and how many words you write per session.Following the guidelines below, you can learn to supercharge your own book writing process, and you’ll become a published author much faster.How to Write a Book Faster so it Doesnt Take as LongIf you want to know how to write a book faster so it doesnt take as long, here are our best tips.#1 Establishing a Strategic DeadlineDeadlines are designed to help you inch closer to completing your book. It also encourages you to work every day hitting both short-term and long-term goals. However, you wont find success by setting arbitrary due dates. They must be set up for your books success.Here are3 ways to establish strategic deadlines:Define realistic deadlines.Set short te rm and long term deadlines for each portion of your draft that breaks down your entire book.Set honest expectations.If youre only able to write 500 words a day, so be it. Dont push yourself into thinking that you can complete an unrealistic task. Be honest with your abilities and align it with your deadline.Implement rewards. Dont make writing a book feel like a tedious job. Reward yourself for achieving your goals! Attaching rewards to each accomplishment will make finishing your book much more aspiring to complete.Action Step:Before writing, set your first draft time frame between 30-90 days and set target dates that tackle both short term and long term goals for your first draft.#2 Prioritizing Your Writing Into TasksWhat separates those who can write multiple books to those who can barely write a page isthe ability to prioritize. Because there are so many competing factors that pull away our time and energy,prioritizing is actually a very hard concept to implement.But in order to write your book, you need to establish clear priorities to get anything done.Here are some ways to prioritize your work:List out every detail of your book and turn them into tasksAssess each task to identify what carries the biggest value to completing your bookOrder tasks by its immediate priority and length of time to completeAnticipate unexpected changes to your schedule, and plan an alternative schedule to stay on trackAction Step:Make the effort and spend a few hours prioritizing your writing process. You will be surprised with how much writing you can accomplish with a well thought out task plan.#3 Creating Word Count GoalsOne of the best ways to accelerate the writing process is to set word count goals. Like training intervals, setting up word count goals will pace how many words to write a day.First you have to understand how many words in a novel for your genre. Once you know this, you can work backward to figure out how much you have to write each day in order to reach your deadline.By establishing these parameters for your own success, not only will you be more likely to accomplish these goals, but you will also notice improvements to your writing.Heres an example of a tracking sheet you can set up in order to accomplish your word count goals:We recommend writing down your daily, weekly, and monthly word count goals to not only show your current progress, but to keep you motivated until you reach the end. It also helps to include rewards for every new milestone!Action Step:Start your daily word count goal to 500-1,000 words per day. By completing 1,000 words per day, you’ll be looking at your completed 30,000 word first draft in one month!#4 Finding Your Accountability PartnerA supportive partner can be a great soundboard, a first pair of eyes, and a protector of your sanity. They can also be the extrinsic motivation you need to meet your own deadlines and word counts.When you have an accountability partner backing you up, it makes it ha rder to procrastinate because they expect great results from you!At Self-Publishing School, we believe in the accountability system and encourage our students to pair up with other like-minded students to encourage one another and hold each other accountable for reaching goals and deadlines.This is done through our Mastermind Community, so everyone has the same goal in mind: start writing a book and finish by self-publishing a book.It’s a great motivating tactic and helps our students complete their books on time.Action Step:Find an accountability partner who is willing to encourage and hold you accountable to meet your deadlines!#5 Setting Challenges for YourselfFollowing the same routine can get old quickly especially for something lengthy like writing the first draft of your book.To combat the fear of boredom and add more spark to your writing project, we encourage you to set challenges for yourself!Here are some simple challenges to set to write your book faster:Double t he word count youve originally set daily, monthly, yearlyPurposely tighten deadlines to increase pressureBan the use of your phone or all forms of distractions until youve completed your taskRead your unfinished draft out loud to someone new for feedbackAction Step:Include a few of these challenges every so often to increase the intensity of your writing. You may tack on even better rewards for each successful challenge youve completed.If you ever dream of becoming a self-published author, now is the time to finally make it a reality.By following these guidelines on how to develop a robust writing process, you will have your first book ready to publish in no time.Ready to become a successful author?You already know you want to write a book. Your problem is howtogetitdonetimely. Because lets be honest, we all dont have years to get a book done.But thats where we come in.

Environmental Health and Safety Studies Questions Essay

Environmental Health and Safety Studies Questions - Essay Example Indirect costs that relate to workplace accidents and injuries include the damage to the tools and equipment used by the worker, the loss of time and the cost of hiring and training other new employees that would be a replacement for the injured employee on either temporary or permanent basis. Other costs include the possibility of rise of insurance premiums as a result of the accident. The indirect costs may sometimes rise to as much as 3 to 4 times that of direct costs. This, however, depends on the type of accident that occurred. It is impossible to be accurate in determination of actual costs given the uniqueness of each injury type. The type of occupation will help determine the likelihood of a risk occurring, as some occupations expose the workers to much more risk than others. All the same, all jobs expose the employees to risk to certain degrees regardless of one’s occupation. Employers who employ workers in jobs which expose them to high risk would likely incur much more cost than those who involve in jobs with little risk. In addition, organizations having safety programs have low incidents of accidents, increased productivity and higher worker moral and motivation. Other costs include legal fees in cases where employees sue the company, cost of implementation of accident reduction standards and the cost of conducting investigations. Lastly, since safety training may be instituted following accidents, operations are slowed and therefore profits are reduced. When an employee violates safety rules for the first time, they are summoned and a discussion is held with them over the matter. They are instructed over the proper procedures and the particular hazards that they control. The instance is kept as a notification in the file of the supervisor. The advance of technology is likely to completely change the profession of occupational health and

Play And Childrens Development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Play And Childrens Development - Research Paper Example In a study that measured the rate of video game playing by students compared to their academic performance, video gaming or passive gaming was found to have negative effects on the cognitive ability of students. The study reported decreasing interest in academic work due to its strong addictive nature that ties the students’ mind to such video gaming. According to this study, teachers and policy makers in education have constantly voiced their concerns regarding the detrimental effects of video passive gaming and TV watching. The study found that video gaming was negatively correlated to academic performance among college students, with the variation being much higher in male students compared to females. This may be explained by the time displacement hypothesis where media consumption takes away most of time that would be used in the intellectually challenging academic activities. Shelving such intellectual challenging activities thus leads to lower cognitive development amon g such constant passive game players, resulting to lowered cognitive development. Thus as Kantor (259) asserts, physical or active play would lead to improvement in cognitive development due to the mental activities and body systems involved, all which work to improve healthy development of an individual. Russel and Newton (295) relate passive gaming to the acute increase in obesity cases among teenagers today. According to this study, child obesity increases due to lack of enough time for physical activities, and increase in passive gaming and watching screen content.TV watching and passive gaming are rapidly displacing children physical activities with more teenagers showing increased preference to passive gaming over physical activities. The... The self-efficacy of children becomes critical in social development. Increasing children efficacy can be enhanced through increased self-confidence, which is attained when children learn to do things alone. Independence can be developed by ensuring children plan their own games and are supported and not guided in such unstructured games, which improve a child’s efficacy. Structured games will, therefore, reduce the learning process in a child compared to unstructured games, which reduces their self-efficacy, and limits their social development. Some of the plays that children can use freely to express themselves and enhance development are drawing, collages, using paper mache and block games where children arrange blocks to form different patterns. Playing is not only beneficial in developing physical health and abilities but has a great impact on social and psychological attributes in children. To ensure the benefits of physical play among children for both psychological and physical health, child play should not be directed. Allowing children to design their games and construct meanings from such games leads to creativity and self-drive, which is critical in ensuring cognitive development in children. Therefore, active play in children has to be encouraged and facilitated in any way possible to avoid health complications in obesity and other negative behaviors related to passive gaming. Such an approach in a child’s play promotes major psychological, social and physical benefits involved in physical gaming.

Islam in Modern Turkey and in Arab World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Islam in Modern Turkey and in Arab World - Essay Example The push toward the Ottoman past is now too strong to stop. It has been fuelled by events in Central Asia whose only links with the Turks are through the Ottoman origins in the Asian heartland (Ozal). From the 1970s onwards a combination of factors has fed into an Islamic revivalism: the success of Sadat's October was against the Israelis in 1973; the use of oil as weapons by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia; the general resurgence of Islam -the triumph of Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran. Islam for Khomeini meant Ithna Ashari or twelve Imam Shiism (Fereydoun 65). While providing the Shias with an immense reservoir of religious passion, this inevitably acted as a barrier between Shia and the Sunni areas and thereby created obstacles for Khomeini on the larger Muslim world stage (67). Henceforth Islam was to become increasingly a force in Arab politics. Islam meant cultural identity and pride; it also meant social and moral purity in a world seen as corrupted by the West. Furthermore, it was a local native response to organizing and living in the world, not something imported from Moscow or Washington. But Islam would not have any easy run; Muslim activist would be killed and jailed and tortured in their thousands (Ozal). Their legitimate participation in election would be frustrated and their aims deliberately distorted in order to misinform people. The struggle is far from over. Turks are tough and pound people, with developed perception of themselves as people of honour and worth. There is the story from the early 1950s about a Turkish bridge in the Korean War. Threatened by overwhelming communist forces, the Turkish commander refused to retreat. Defying the orders of his United Nation superiors, he sent a message back to saying the word "retreat" did not exist in the vocabulary of the Turks. The Turks were always in the front-line of Islam against Europe; but it was a sophisticated culture Islam embracing many societies (Ozal). Here many systems thrived; here Jews and Christians lived in safety and comfort. However, the Iranian strand reflects the oscillation in society between the dynastic principle of powerful kings and that of pious religious figures. The oscillation has been in evidence in the politics of Iran over the last few centuries. For example, how Majlisi, one of the leaders of the clergy in the late seventeenth century, actually led a revoluti on, not unlike that of Khomeini's, to impose the will of the clergy on the Safavid ruler (Fereydoun 31-63). The dilemma was difficult for the Iranians to resolve. According to one principle, power came from God, and humanity was to submit; according to the other, power came from the imperial dynasty, and genealogy decided their rich cultural heritage, the more they underlined the importance of royalty in their tradition, the further they moved away from the Islamic principle. So those who were against the Islamic principle would oppose it implicitly by talking of the glories of Persian culture, poetry and art. It was a subtext that announced their real political and religious positions (Fereydoun 31-63). There is a central debate in Turkey now about how Islamic the Turkish pass was at the time of the Ottomans. Although the debate may appear academic to an outsider, it relate directly to

Various Types Of Robots Computer Science Essay

Various Types Of Robots Computer Science Essay A Robot is man-made mechanical device that can move itself, whose motion must be modeled, planned, sensed, actuated and controlled, and whose motion behaviour can be influenced by programming. Robots are called intelligent if they succeed in moving in safe interaction with an unstructured environment, while autonomously achieving their specified tasks. This definition implies that a device can only be called a robot if it contains a movable mechanism, influenced by sensing, planning, actuation, and control components. It does not imply that a minimum number of these components must be implemented in software, or be changeable by the consumer who uses the device; for example, the motion behaviour can have been hard-wired into the device by the manufacturer. 12.2 Three Laws of Robotics Science-fiction author Isaac Asimov is often given credit for being the first person to use the term robotics in a short story composed in the 1940s. He suggested three principles to guide the behavior of robots and smart machines.- A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. A robot must obey orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. 12.3 Components of robotic systems This figure depicts the components that are part of all robotic systems. The real robot is some mechanical device (mechanism) that moves around in the environment, and, in doing so, physically interacts with this environment. This interaction involves the exchange of physical energy, in some form or another. Robotics as an integrated system of control interacting with the Figure : components of robotic system Both the robot mechanism and the environment can be the cause of the physical interaction through Actuation, or experience the effect of the interaction, which can be measured through Sensing. Sensing and actuation are the physical ports through which the Controller of the robot determines the interaction of its mechanical body with the physical world. As mentioned already before, the controller can, in one extreme, consist of software only, but in the other extreme everything can also be implemented in hardware. Within the Controller component, several sub-activities are often identified: Modelling- The input-output relationships of all control components can (but need not) be derived from information that is stored in a model. This model can have many forms: analytical formulas, empirical look-up tables, fuzzy rules, neural networks, etc. The other components discussed below can all have models inside. A System model can be used to tie multiple components together, but it is clear that not all robots use a System model. The Sensing model and Actuation model contain the information with which to transform raw physical data into task-dependent information for the controller, and vice versa. Planning- This is the activity that predicts the outcome of potential actions, and selects the best one. Almost by definition, planning can only be done on the basis of some sort of model. Regulation- This component processes the outputs of the sensing and planning components, to generate an actuation setpoint. Again, this regulation activity could or could not rely on some sort of (system) model. The term control is often used instead of regulation, but it is impossible to clearly identify the domains that use one term or the other. 12.4 Parts Concept required for Robot Generally robots have at least the below mentioned parts and concepts: Sensors Most robots of today are nearly deaf and blind.   Sensors can provide some limited feedback to the robot so it can do its job.   Compared to the senses and abilities of even the simplest living things, robots have a very long way to go.  The sensor sends information, in the form of electronic signals back to the controller.   A sensor also gives the robot controller information about its surroundings and lets it know the exact position of the arm, or the state of the world around it.  Sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell are the kinds of information we get from our world.   Robots can be designed and programmed to get specific information that is beyond what our 5 senses can tell us. For instance, a robot sensor might see in the dark, detect tiny amounts of invisible radiation or measure movement that is too small or fast for the human eye to see Switch Sensors Light Sensors Polarized light Resistive Position Sensors Effectors An  effector  is any device that affects the environment. Robots control their effectors, which are also known as end effectors. Effectors include legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings and fins. Controllers cause the effectors to produce desired effects on the environment. Two basic ways of using effectors: to move the robot around =>locomotion to move other object around =>manipulation Actuators Actuators, also known as drives,  are mechanisms for getting robots to move. Most actuators are powered by pneumatics (air pressure), hydraulics (fluid pressure), or motors (electric current).  Most actuation uses electromagnetic motors and gears but there have been frequent uses of other forms of actuation including muscle-wires and inexpensive Radio Control servos. To get a motor under computer control, different motor types and actuator types are used. Some of the motor types are Synchronous, Stepper, AC servo, Brushless DC servo, and Brushed DC servo.   Radio Control servos for model airplanes, cars and other vehicles are light, rugged, cheap and fairly easy to interface. Some of the units can provide very high torque speed. A Radio Control servo can be controlled from a parallel port. Controllers The robot connects to a computer, which keeps the pieces of the arm working together. This computer is the controller. The controller functions as the brain of the robot. The controller can also network to other systems, so that the robot may work together with other machines, processes, or robots Arms common effectors known as Arms. The robot arm comes in all shapes and sizes and is the single most important part in robotic architecture. The arm is the part of the robot that positions the End Effector and Sensors to do their pre-programmed business. Many (but not all) resemble human arms, and have shoulders, elbows, wrists, even fingers. This gives the robot a lot of ways to position itself in its environment.   Artificial Intelligence The term artificial intelligence is defined as systems that combine sophisticated hardware and software with elaborate databases and knowledge-based processing models to demonstrate characteristics of effective human decision making. The criteria for artificial systems include the following: functional: the system must be capable of performing the function for which it has been designed; able to manufacture: the system must be capable of being manufactured by existing manufacturing processes; designable: the design of the system must be imaginable by designers working in their cultural context marketable: the system must be perceived to serve some purpose well enough, Mobility Industrial robots are rarely mobile. Work is generally brought to the robot. A few industrial robots are mounted on tracks and are mobile within their workstation. Service robots are virtually the only kind of robots that travel autonomously. Research on robot mobility is extensive. The goal of the research is usually to have the robot navigate in unstructured environments while encountering unforeseen obstacles. Some projects raise the technical barriers by insisting that the locomotion involve walking, either on two appendages, like humans, or on many, like insects. Most projects, however, use wheels or tractor mechanisms. Many kinds of effectors and actuators can be used to move a robot around. Some categories are: legs (for walking/crawling/climbing/jumping/hopping) wheels (for rolling) arms (for swinging/crawling/climbing) flippers (for swimming) Types of robot 12.5.1 Mobile Robot- Mobile robots are able to move, usually they perform task such as search areas. A prime example is the Mars Explorer, specifically designed to roam the mars surface. Mobile robots are a great help to such collapsed building for survivors Mobile robots are used for task where people cannot go.   Mobile robots can be divided in two categories   1.1 Rolling Robots:   Rolling robots have wheels to move around.   These are the type of robots that can quickly and easily search move around.   However they are only useful in flat areas, rocky terrains give them a hard time.   Flat terrains are their territory 1.2 Walking Robots:   Robots on legs are usually brought in when the terrain is rocky and difficult to enter with wheels.   Robots have a hard time shifting balance and keep them from tumbling.   Thats why most robots with have at least 4 of them, usually they have 6 legs or more.   Even when they lift one or more legs they still keep their balance.   Development of legged robots is often modeled after insects or crawfish. Stationary Robots Robots are not only used to explore areas or imitate a human being.   Most robots perform repeating tasks without ever moving an inch.   Most robots are working in industry settings.   Especially dull and repeating tasks are suitable for robots.   A robot never grows tired; it will perform its duty day and night without ever complaining.   In case the tasks at hand are done, the robots will be reprogrammed to perform other tasks Autonomous Robots Autonomous robots are self supporting or in other words self contained.   In a way they rely on their own brains. Autonomous robots run a program that gives them the opportunity to decide on the action to perform depending on their surroundings.   At times these robots even learn new behavior.   They start out with a short routine and adapt this routine to be more successful at the task they perform.   The most successful routine will be repeated as such their behavior is shaped.   Autonomous robots can learn to walk or avoid obstacles they find in their way.   Think about a six legged robot, at first the legs move ad random, after a little while the robot adjust its program and performs a pattern which enables it to move in a direction Remote-control Robots An autonomous robot is despite its autonomous not a very clever or intelligent unit.   The memory and brain capacity is usually limited; an autonomous robot can be compared to an insect in that respect. In case a robot needs to perform more complicated yet undetermined tasks an autonomous robot is not the right choice.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Complicated tasks are still best performed by human beings with real brainpower.   A person can guide a robot by remote control.   A person can perform difficult and usually dangerous tasks without being at the spot where the tasks are performed.   To detonate a bomb it is safer to send the robot to the danger area Virtual Robots   Ã‚   Virtual robots dont exist in real life.   Virtual robots are just programs, building blocks of software inside a computer.   A virtual robot can simulate a real robot or just perform a repeating task.   A special kind of robot is a robot that searches the World Wide Web.   The internet has countless robots crawling from site to site. These WebCrawlers collect information on websites and send this information to the search engines.    BEAM Robots BEAM is short for Biology, Electronics, Aesthetics and Mechanics.   BEAM robots are made by hobbyists. BEAM robots can be simple and very suitable for starters. Key Points Robotics  is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of  robots. Field of robotics overlaps with electronics, computer science,  artificial intelligence  , mechatronics,  nanotechnology  , and bioengineering. MITs Kismet: an expressive robotic creature with perceptual and motor modalities tailored to natural human communication channels. In the future, robots will have a high level of intelligence, such as feeling and emotions, or the ability to make a rational decision on their own. Exercise Q.1 Discuss the Laws of Robotic system? Q.2 What are main components of any robotic system? Q.3 What kind of tasks a robot can perform? Q.4 What is the difference between Automation and Robots? Q.5 How can we measure performance of any robot? Q.6- What is degree of freedom? How much degree of freedom is required for 2D and 3D motion?

National Geographic: Mysteries Underground :: essays research papers

National Geographic: Mysteries Underground   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The video I reviewed was a National Geographic film called Mysteries Underground. This video was about extraordinary sites there are to see in underground caves. You traveled along with cave explorers and got to see all the beautiful untouched natural formations such as gypsum chandeliers, gnarled calcite columns, and jewel-like lakes. It showed and talked about all the careful proceders the cave explorers go through. It also talked about how the formations were made over such a long time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I learned many interesting things that would never seem possible. In the world's new most exotic ,Lechuguilla, cave there lied water so clean and clear that the cave explorers were forced to take all there clothes off before they swam acrossed it because the littlest dirt from any clothing would contaminate the pureness of the water. All the cave explorers are very cautious as to what they touch or where they step because some of the crystal formations are so fragile that the slightest vibration from a voice or a footstep could ruin millions of years of forming. In some parts of caves there are giant and very smooth ice formations that must be slid down very carefully because if they are not taken cautiously you will pick up to much speed while sliding and finally hit some kind of stone wall or something. One lady was not careful enough and boy did she pay. She was only a mile and a half or so in the cave and she broke her leg. It took almost five days to get who to the surface of the cave where she could be attended to. Also I found out that caves were much larger then I had originally thought. The largest cave now, Mammoth Cave, is over 200 miles long. And if you are exploring a cave being miles and miles from the entrance it is very important that you be careful because if you break your leg that far from the entrance it would probably take months to get you out safely. One safety precaution I learned was that when the explorers are traveling through cold water they must make sure they don't get their upperbody wet because that will cause them to freeze and get many sicknesses that are caused by the cold. One thing that I found interesting was that with the technology today you would think that we would have all the caves discovered and explored. We aren't close at all. In fact some caves have been being explored for years and there is still no end in sight.